Analysis Of The Infinite Nature Of God - 1499 Words

Cleanthes’ argument from design in ‘Dialogues concerning Natural Religion’ is trying to prove that there is a deity which exists and which is similar to humans in our mind and intelligence. This argument from design can be dated back to Plato and later, Aquinas in the ‘Summa Theologica’. Cleanthes However, Cleanthes’ argument does not fully prove that the deity is a theological Christian God as it does not prove his omniscience and his omnipotent nature shown in biblical texts. The infinite nature of God is also unstable as it is not fully proven and therefore can easily be criticised. The argument is therefore providing a necessary but not sufficient condition for a theological God. Cleanthes argument is structured with two propositions which lead to a logical conclusion. The first proposition is that things made by us seem to have a specific purpose which suggests a creator. This is followed by the universe appearing to have a purpose so therefore the universe must have a creator. This argument relies heavily on an analogy which is comparing our everyday lives and experiences within the world and universe to the origin of the world and how it was originally created. ’The intricate fitting of means to ends throughout all nature is just like (though more wonderful than) the fitting of means to ends in things that have been produced by us—products of human designs, thought, wisdom, and intelligence. Since the effects resemble each other, we are led to infer by all the rulesShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Friedrich Nietzsche ´s Book 5 of The Gay Science Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pagescontemporary Western civilization, in which he details mankindâ€℠¢s break away from faith into a new rule of chaos. In Book 5 of The Gay Science, Nietzsche establishes that â€Å"God is dead†, meaning that modern Europe has abandoned religion in favor of rationality and science (Nietzsche 279). From this death, the birth of a ‘new’ infinite blossoms in which the world is open to an unlimited amount of interpretations that do not rely on the solid foundations of faith in religion or science. However, in contrastRead MoreEssay about Ralph Waldo Emersons Nature939 Words   |  4 Pagescalamity (leaving me my eyes), which nature cannot repair. Standing on the bare ground, - my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space, - all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. -Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature (1836) In his essay, Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson describes mans relationship to nature and to God. Early on, he describes himself asRead MoreIn Philosophy, There Are Going To Be Some Agreements And1393 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are going to be some agreements and disagreements among philosopher’s, but the most compelling of them all is Descartes’ and Spinoza’s take in regards to mind and body, and God and free will, God existence. I will compare and contrast Descartes’ and Spinoza’s perspectives on the relationship between mind and body, and God and free will. Maria, there is no fast way to explain all of this as this takes time, so please brace yourself as I hope to provide you with a better understanding of the agreements/similaritiesRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 PagesAquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideas. St. Augustine s epistemology is rationalization. In his argument for the existence of God, he is referring to varying degrees of perfection otherwise know as, an Ontological argument. He believed that in pursuing truth, it would lead to the epicenter of all truth, God. Upon his pursuit of truth, he began to further develop his philosophy that all things whetherRead MoreA Treatise Of Human Nature By David Hume1472 Words   |  6 Pagesself are radically different. Blake’s idea is that the world comes alive as the mind encounters it and that the self is within, whereas Wordsworth sees the mind coming alive as it encounters nature and in this awakening, the self is found. In, A Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume writes, â€Å"†¦ to explain the nature of personal identity which has become so great a question in philosophy, especially of late years in England, where all the abstruser sciences are study’d with a particular ardour and application†Read MoreTheories of Human Nature 670 Words   |  3 Pages The theme of this course is theories of human nature, theories of human nature is an historical scope of philosophy. Theories of human nature provides a philosophical analysis into human nature through the investigation of issues, including the mind and body, perceptions and conception, freedom and determinism, death and immortality, the relation of the human to nature and the divine, and reason and emotion (Professor Galgan, Course Syllabus). The two articles written by Dr. Galgan, â€Å"Infinity andRead MoreDescartes and Meditation Three Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes and Meditation Three At the beginning of Meditation three, Descartes has made substantial progress towards defeating skepticism. Using his methods of Doubt and Analysis he has systematically examined all his beliefs and set aside those which he could call into doubt until he reached three beliefs which he could not possibly doubt. First, that the evil genius seeking to deceive him could not deceive him into thinking that he did not exist when in fact he did exist. Second, thatRead MoreThe Philosophical Philosopher Paul Tillich s View Of Faith964 Words   |  4 Pages and clothing. Furthermore, Tillich acknowledged there are some concerns â€Å"which are spiritual in nature, such as cognitive, aesthetic, moral, and political that can have an elevated level of ultimacy.† (Smith, 2003, p. 1). Although these concerns are of great importance, Tillich’s idea of ultimate concern supersedes all other concerns, as it is our greatest and tends to take on a religious nature. Accordingly, our ultimate concern can be about anything (Smith, 2003). Tillich proclaims this isRead MoreThe Future Of An Illusion Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of The Future of an Illusion In Sigmund Freud’s famous philosophical work titled The Future of an Illusion, he uses psychoanalysis to explain the origins of the concept of God. He presents valid arguments as to why God is merely a concept created by humans to answer frustrating questions about life in a satisfying way, and the work seems to be sound in its entirety. However, there is an important weakness in Freud’s reasoning in that if God is meant to create order in the universe, whyRead MoreEssay on Hegel and Kant on the Ontological Argument1748 Words   |  7 Pagesconfronted by Hegels critique of Kants refutation. The ontological argument can be exposed in a syllogistic way: everything I conceive as belonging clearly and distinctly to the nature or essence of something can be asserted as true of something. I perceive clearly and distinctly that existence belongs to the nature or essence of a perfect being; therefore, existence can be stated as true of a supremely perfect being, that is, perf ect being exists. I intend to argue that Kant criticizes both the

Geography and History of the Island Nation of Samoa

Samoa, officially called the Independent State of Samoa, is an island nation located in Oceania. It is about 2,200 miles (3,540 km) south of Hawaii and its area consists of two main islands, Upolu and Savai. In 2011, Samoa  moved  the International Date Line because it claimed it has more economic ties with Australia and New Zealand (both of which are on the other side of the dateline) than with the United States. On Dec. 29, 2011, at midnight, the date in Samoa changed from Dec. 29 to Dec. 31. Fast Facts: Samoa Official Name: Independent State of SamoaCapital: ApiaPopulation: 201,316  (2018)Official Language: Samoan (Polynesian)Currency: Tala (SAT)Form of Government: Parliamentary republicClimate: Tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)Total Area: 1,093 square miles (2,831 square kilometers)Highest Point: Mount Silisili at 6,092 feet (1,857 meters)Lowest Point: Pacific Ocean at 0 feet (0 meters) History of Samoa Archeological evidence shows that Samoa has been inhabited for over 2,000 years by migrants from Southeast Asia. Europeans did not arrive in the area until the 1700s and by the 1830s, missionaries and traders from England began arriving in large numbers. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Samoan islands were politically divided and in 1904 the easternmost islands became the U.S. territory known as American Samoa. At the same time, the western islands became Western Samoa and they were controlled by Germany until 1914 when that control passed to New Zealand. New Zealand then administered Western Samoa until it gained its independence in 1962. According to the U.S. Department of State, it was the first country in the region to gain independence. In 1997, Western Samoas name changed to the Independent State of Samoa. Today, however, the nation is known as Samoa throughout most of the world. Government of Samoa Samoa is considered a parliamentary democracy with an executive branch of government made up of a chief of state and a head of government. The country also has a unicameral Legislative Assembly with 47 members who are elected by voters. Samoas judicial branch consists of a Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court, the District Court, and the Land and Titles Court. Samoa is divided into 11 different districts for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Samoa Samoa has a relatively small economy that is dependent on foreign aid and its trade relations with foreign nations. According to the CIA World Factbook, agriculture employs two-thirds of the labor force. The main agricultural products of Samoa are coconuts, bananas, taro, yams, coffee, and cocoa. Industries in Samoa include food processing, building materials, and auto parts. Geography and Climate of Samoa Geographically, Samoa is a group of islands located in the South Pacific Ocean or Oceania between Hawaii and New Zealand and below the equator in the Southern Hemisphere. Its total land area is 1,093 square miles (2,831 sq km) and it consists of two main islands as well as several small islands and uninhabited islets. The main islands of Samoa are Upolu and Savai and the highest point in the country, Mount Silisili at 6,092 feet (1,857 m), is located on Savai while its capital and largest city, Apia, is located on Upolu. The topography of Samoa consists mainly of coastal plains but the interior of Savai and Upolu have rugged volcanic mountains. The climate of Samoa is tropical and as such it has mild to warm temperatures year-round. Samoa also has a rainy season from November to April and a dry season from May to October. Apia has a January average high temperature of 86 degrees (30ËšC) and a July average low temperature of 73.4 degrees (23ËšC). Sources Central Intelligence Agency. CIA - The World Factbook - Samoa.Infoplease.com. Samoa: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com.United States Department of State. Samoa.

Human Trafficking and Slavery - 880 Words

Human Trafficking and Slavery: Are the World’s Nations Doing Enough s to Stamp It Out? Slavery has existed since the beginning of human evolution (CQ Researcher 2010). The Civil War ended slavery in the United States in 1865. Worldwide slavery was prohibited during the late 1920’s. Although slavery is prohibited, millions of victims are forced into captivity. Victims are often kidnapped and forced into a lifetime of servitude and prostitution. Other victims of slavery are lured by the promise of a better life. These victims are forced into cruel labor and prostitution (CQ Researcher 2010). Many of the victims are young children and women. According to CQ Researcher 2010, slavery is the world’s third largest illegal business and accounts†¦show more content†¦India alone is receiving $40 million this year to reach 80,000 working children (CQ Researcher 2010). While ILO enacted the 1999 Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention which restricts all full-time work and any work by children under 12, children in developing countries aren’t attending school on a daily basis. They are forced to work hazardous jobs at young ages and endure debilitating abuse. Slavery has been evident since the beginning of time. Millions of children and woman worldwide are taken hostage. They’re forced to endure extreme work conditions and prostitution. Slavery is even evident in the United States. It’s estimated that there are 20,000 slaves trafficked into the United States every year. The TVPA act is a useful tool in stopping slavery. However, the act needs tougher guidelines for countries worldwide. Although international law states that children have a right to basic education, millions of children in developing countries aren’t attending school. They are forced to endure years of gruesome manual labor. A cycle persists in developing countries that hinders them from advancing financially and allows slavery to flourish. In order for the lucrative slave trade to end, developing countries need to educate their children. The United States is a powerful tool in ensuring that children worldwide are gaining an education. A question that may be relevant in the discussion of ending slaveryShow MoreRelatedSlavery and Human Trafficking2330 Words   |  10 Pages Slavery used to be obvious. Before it was abolished by the 13th Amendment, having ownership of other human beings was common and widely accepted. Though abolitionists at the time were opposed to slavery, they were not surprised by it. Today, however, many people would be surprised to know that slavery still exists, even in the United States. The elusive trade for sex slaves is hiding in brothels and hotels in every city. It hides at truck stops, residential houses, sporting events, and even onlineRead MoreSlavery Vs Human Trafficking1572 Words   |  7 Pages Slavery still exists currently in contemporary society, but present-day slavery differs from the one centuries ago. Human trafficking is a type of slavery in modern society that involves the use of coercion or fraud to control victims into performing activities while ignoring the victim’s consent. Human trafficking has many misconceptions such as only women and children are victims or sex trafficking is the same as human trafficking. People are tricked by traffickers because of their manipulativeRead MoreHuman Trafficking is Slavery Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages In this essay, the history of human trafficking will be examined, followed by who is affected by trafficking. Next the scope and types of exploitation will be discussed. Human trafficking is an issue that affects countries all over the world. Governments have made an effort to curb trafficking, however these efforts have been very narrowly focused. American ignorance has led to poor handling of the issues by policy makers. Finally the essay will discuss a proposed solution and set some goals forRead MoreHuman Trafficking: Slavery Today 1404 Words   |  6 Pagesservice professionals work to address the problem of human trafficking in a number of ways. Social workers are unique in their approach to this issue because they can address it from a number of angles. For example, social workers concentrate on both the individual victim as well as their social and economic situation which distinguishes it from other professions such as counseling (Palmer, 2010). Social workers meet the needs of human trafficking victims according to the principles outlined in theRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is The Modern Slavery1415 Words   |  6 Pages When forced into sex trafficking statistics state that 67 percent of prisoners are forced into labor, 55 percent are women and girls, and 26 percent are children that endure the conditions and harshness of this generation s modern slavery. Human trafficking is the modern slavery throughout the globe and 27,000 cases have been reported to the NHTRC hotline in the last eight years alone (Human Trafficking). Human trafficking is of all ages, all genders, and anyone can be forced into the labor. ThereRead MoreModern Slavery : Human Trafficking1204 Words   |  5 PagesOur nation has had many encounters with the world’s most horrifying phenomenon, modern slavery, also known as human trafficking. Modern slavery consists of people being taken away by force or unknowingly of the situation to become exploited in many ways no matter the age, ethnicity, or color of the skin (DEF). Not only has it become a disgusting wicked disease but, it has taken over the country’s freedom. We as people living in the United States are guaranteed â€Å"freedom†, which isn’t true in the absoluteRead MoreHuman Trafficking, the Modern Slavery1034 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Perspectives Essay #2 Human Trafficking Causes and Effects Human Trafficking, The Modern Slavery Introduction Human trafficking is a big problem all around the world. Every year, thousands of men, women and children are kidnapped by traffickers, and forced into sexual exploitation and slavery. In this essay, I will talk about the causes of human trafficking and what effects it has on the victims, families, and society. Causes The cause of human trafficking is mainly the organizedRead MoreSex Slavery And Human Trafficking2202 Words   |  9 Pages Sex Slavery and Human Trafficking in Nigeria Ramapo College of New Jersey Kaitlyn Cestaro Human Trafficking is defined in article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receivingRead MoreModern Day Slavery: Human Trafficking 866 Words   |  4 PagesBlood Borne Connections.) Human trafficking is the modern day slavery, it involves taking control over a person through force, fraud or coercion to exploit the victim for forced labor, sexual exploitation. or both (â€Å"What† par.1). This is become the sad reality for many, approximately three out of every 1,000 people worldwide are being forced into this such slavery. Victims of human trafficking are people of all backgrounds and ages, no one is safe from the dirty hands of human traffickers. E very yearRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Form Of Modern Slavery906 Words   |  4 Pages Human Trafficking Have you ever heard about human trafficking? Some people would say that human trafficking is no more in this world because now everyone become educated they themselves became victim. Others would say that human trafficking is illegal business, human being sale human being. Even I did not believe that human trafficking was here in the United States, but human trafficking was all over the world. â€Å"Trafficking in human beings is a dressing phenomenon

Plutarchs Aims and Achievements as a Biographer Essay

A critical study of a significant aspect or aspects of Plutarchs aims and achievements as a biographer -To what extent does Plutarch achieve his aims for the lives of Marius and Caesar? We are able to establish Plutarchs aims in creating his biographies by looking at his background and influences. Plutarch was born in Greece to a wealthy established family. He was well educated, studying rhetoric in Athens, and then travelled to Rome where he established connections with some important political figures. Despite being an outsider (a Greek), Plutarch accepted Roman aristocratic tradition as well as the moralising of some key Roman figures. This is reflected in the Lives which in effect provide moral guidelines, prescribing†¦show more content†¦The reader is invited to reflect on what they have read and to emulate the actions of the virtuous man, being encouraged to shun vice throughout. To do this Plutarch used a list of twelve virtues presenting a golden mean that could be taken to excess or to deficiency, both being a vice. This list was developed by Aristotle from the five cardinal virtues, and is known as the virtue theory, it expresses that to be virtuous, the irrational side must be governed by the rational side. By the time of Plutarch (nearly 400 years after Aristotle,) there had been some modification of Aristotles system, but the basic principles still applied. Russell goes as far as to say: Without Aristotles Ethics, there would have been no such thing as the Plutarchian biography.[5] Both Plato and Aristotle were eudaimonists, believing the purpose of man is to be eudaimon, or virtuous. Plutarchs religion is also key in working out his aims. He believed in gods and an after life, this meant he believed there were two reasons for a person to be virtuous; firstly because it is the right was to behave and secondly because you will be rewarded or punished as appropriate in the afterlife: Athletes receive their prizes not during the contest but after they have won[6] These ideas as to what Plutarchs aims were likely to have been are backed up by a statement made by Plutarch on what he thinks he is trying to

Applied Portfolio Management Project - Free Solution

Question: Discuss about the Applied Portfolio Management Project. Answer: Introduction This study is focused on the subject area of project portfolio management. During this study, the discussion is carried on the introduction of new online appointment book at Emanuel Medical Center. The study includes the evaluation of scope of this particular project and at the same time, it also evaluates the project deliverables, assumptions, constraints and criteria for accepting the project. At the end, the study provides the conclusion that states about the overall findings of the study in brief. Scope description The introduction of online appointment book is a very attractive project for Emanuel Medical Center. This project will help the organization to meet the basic need of more than 50% of the patients, who come at Emanuel for check-up. As the organization involves highly qualified and experienced doctors and staff members, the patients always try to get an appointment from the doctors at Emanuel. However, many patients are there, who cannot book an appointment with the doctors because they stay at a long distance from Emanuel Medical Center. Therefore, the organization can help these patients by introducing the online appointment book system (Emanuelmedicalcenter.org, 2016). This particular project of the organization will not require high budget. The budget for the new appointment booking system is as follows: Particulars Amount (in $) Expense for webpage designing and development 700 Salaries to the respected staffs 300 Webpage maintenance 400 Expense for equipments 800 Total expenses 2200 Apart from the budget, Emanuel also needs to implement an appropriate organizational management system in order to manage the operations after introducing the new appointment booking system. It is expected that after introducing this new system, the number of patients will increase and so the organization have to take proper management strategies to maintain their service quality (Cotugno et al. 2015). At first, the management needs to take care of the quality of service to each patient. Emanuel needs to provide proper treatment to each patient. At the same time, the organization needs to notice whether the online booking system is properly working or not and for that the feedback of the patients, who are availing the online booking facility is very important. Apart from these two, the management also needs to take care of the cost factor. Cost must be controlled properly while handling the huge number of patients (Mold de Lusignan, 2015). The available and committed resources for this new online appointment booking system will be the domain for introducing the webpage, standard space for developing the webpage, one webpage developer and two people for maintaining the system. Criteria for acceptance The new service of online appointment system at Emanuel Medical Center must have the following characteristics, so that everybody can accept it: The procedure in the webpage for booking the appointment must be easy and simple The organization must not charge any extra amount of money from the patients for booking the appointment (Storrs, Ramov Lalloo, 2016) The webpage must be available on Smartphone The webpage must include all the updated information about the availability of doctors and other services along with the fee structure Project deliverables The stakeholders of this particular project will be the doctors at the organization, the staff members, nurses, patients and their family members, the webpage developer and other employees of the organization (Forster et al. 2015). However, before starting this particular online service, the organization must take care of the following factors: The organization must comply with the Gene Technology Act 2000, in order to introduce this new technology oriented service (org, 2016). At the same time, the organization must consider the Home and Community Care Act 1985 (gov.au, 2016). The organization must be specific about their services and fee structure. The success of this particular project of Emanuel Medical Center depends on the proper planning, organizing, scheduling, leadership, control and monitoring. In the very beginning, the management of the organization needs to plan for the required resources and cost. At the same time, the management also needs to analyze the demand for this service in the market (Health.gov.au, 2016). In order to organize the service, the management needs to develop three teams. One team will take care of the development of the webpage. One team will be there to properly maintain the webpage, where the patients will book the appointment. The third team will be the service provider team, including the doctors, nurses and other staff members (Sridhar Kalaiselvi, 2015). The schedule of this particular project will include 12 weeks. The project will be started from 17th August 2016 and the project will be end on 18th November 2016. The service will be started from 1st December 2016. There will be a person as operational head, who will check the total system starting from receiving an online appointment request to providing the service to the patient. Apart from the operational head, there will be team leader for each of three teams. The participatory leadership style will be followed in the organization. Exclusions and constraints This particular online appointment booking service at Emanuel Medical Center may face different constraints and exclusions. These are as follows: The people or patients in the rural areas may not avail this service because sometimes, the rural people do not have the internet connection (Titov et al. 2015). This service will be limited to the people who have the technological knowledge This service may increase the work pressure of the doctors and staff members because this service will enhance the number of patients visiting the center. Assumptions The primary assumptions behind this particular online appoint booking service are as follows: Patients at long distance face problem in booking an appointment over the phone or by physical visit. Online appointment booking system will increase the value of the organization within the industry. More patients will be visiting at Emanuel Medical Center. Sign-off from workplace mentor The control is the most important part of a project. During this project, the management at Emanuel Medical Center must implement proper control measures. In order to control the online appointment booking service, the management of the organization must collect the feedback from the patients, who have used the service. This will help the management to identify faults in their service (Sridhar Kalaiselvi, 2015). At the same time, the management must introduce the policies regarding this particular service. Apart from that, the management must arrange for meetings to get the feedbacks from the employees end. At the same time, the online appointment booking service must be updated at a regular interval (Mold de Lusignan, 2015). Monitoring must be done on day-to-day basis. The staffs must be presented on time, so that patients get proper service on time. Proper monitoring will help the management to control the overall system. Conclusion This study has identified that the management at Emanuel Medical Center needs to take various steps in order to introduce the new online appointment booking service. In order to develop the system properly, the organization will need total 12 weeks. The organization needs to consider the legal ground and demand for the service. There are various benefits that the patients will have if this project is implemented. However, there are certain constraints that the organization needs to overcome before and after starting the particular service. Moreover, in order to introduce the new online appointment booking system, the Emanuel Medical Center needs to plan for a better schedule of activities. Reference list: Aihw.gov.au. (2016). Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 1 August 2016, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/ Airccse.org. (2016). airccse.org. Retrieved 1 August 2016, from https://airccse.org/ Cotugno, J. D., Ferguson, M., Harden, H., Colquist, S., Stack, A. A., Zimmerman, J. I., Hickman, I. J. (2015). i wish they could be in my shoes: patients insights into tertiary health care for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Patient preference and adherence,9, 1647. Emanuelmedicalcenter.org. (2016). Emanuelmedicalcenter.org. Retrieved 1 August 2016, from https://www.emanuelmedicalcenter.org Forster, M., Dennison, K., Callen, J., Georgiou, A., Westbrook, J. I. (2015). Maternity patients' access to their electronic medical records: use and perspectives of a patient portal.Health Information Management Journal,44(1), 4-11. Health.gov.au. (2016). Health.gov.au. Retrieved 1 August 2016, from https://www.health.gov.au/ Mold, F., de Lusignan, S. (2015). Patients Online Access to Their Primary Care Electronic Health Records and Linked Online Services: Implications for Research and Practice.Journal of personalized medicine,5(4), 452-469. Sridhar, K., Kalaiselvi, A. (2015). Survey on-SaaS Based Integrated Clinical Management System.development,1, 2. Storrs, M. J., Ramov, H. M., Lalloo, R. (2016). An Investigation into Patient Non-Attendance and Use of a Short-Message Reminder System at a University Dental Clinic.Journal of dental education,80(1), 30-39. Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Staples, L. G., Bennett-Levy, J., Klein, B., Rapee, R. M., Purtell, C. (2015). MindSpot clinic: an accessible, efficient, and effective online treatment service for anxiety and depression.Psychiatric Services.

Building Tech free essay sample

In the construction industry, there are several factors which must be taken into consideration. Keen attention must be paid to the building codes and regulations in order to ensure that all construction activities are carried out in a potentially safe and efficient manner. These may be sighted to include occupational safety and health of employees and the preservation as well as the protection of the environment. Therefore, the main aim of this project is to determine the building codes, regulations as well as the environmental factors used in order to ensure occupational safety and health of employees as well as the protection of the environment. Career Opportunities on the Building Site Definition of a Career An occupation undertaken for a significant period of a persons life and with opportunities for progress is known as a career. General Foreman A general foreman is always employed on small contracts. The foreman should have extensive knowledge of all aspects of building construction. This includes knowing how to organise the workers, materials and schedules. The clerk of works The clerk of works, who is usually employed by the client, is an expert in how buildings should be constructed. The clerk of works uses this knowledge to make sure that the contractor builds the building correctly and safely. The Quantity Surveyor The quantity surveyor prepares a bill of quantities for building projects so that contractors can accurately price the work. The quantity surveyor works out the size of the areas and the volume of required materials from the design team’s drawings and specifications. Carpenter A carpenter is a craftsman with extensive skill and experience level at carpentry; the trade of cutting, joining, making and repairing wooden objects and other structures made of wood. They are also able to manage job sites with multiple employees and trade contractors. Mason A person whose trade is building with units of various natural or artificial mineral products, as stones, bricks, cinder blocks, or tiles, usually with the use of mortar or cement as a bonding agent. Plumber One who installs, repairs, and maintains piping, fittings, and fixtures involved in the distribution and use of water in connection with the water supply, drainage systems, etc. , both in and out of buildings. Electrician One whose occupation is the installation, maintenance, repair, or operation of electric equipment and circuitry. An electrician is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of buildings, stationary machines and related equipment. Painter A person who coats walls or other surfaces with paint, especially as an occupation. Norms A norm is a principle of right action binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behaviour. Some examples of norms which are to be used on a building site are as follows: Do not use indecent or obscene language. Workers must not smoke while on the building site. Employees must avoid from reaching late to work. Employees should not leave work before their scheduled time. Regulations Regulations are guidelines that keeps the worker on the building site safe and protected. Regulations and roles are enforced mostly by the contractor on the site. Some of these are as follows: Personal safety equipment must be worn as prescribed for each job, such as: safety glasses for eye protection, hard hats at all times within the confines of the construction area where there is a potential for falling materials or tools, gloves when handling materials, and safety shoes are necessary for protection against foot injuries. Know where firefighting equipment is located and be trained on how to use it. Do not use power tools and equipment until you have been properly instructed in the safe work methods and become authorized to use them. Never throw anything overboard. Someone passing below may be seriously injured. Always ensure that all ladders and scuffles are secured on the ground. All workers must be punctual at all times. Identify and mark any hazardous materials. Determine any risk involved to personnel. Label and store any materials deemed hazardous in proper containers and secure them in a safe location. Post precautions for handling nearby. Make sure there is an MSDS (material safety data sheet) for all potentially hazardous chemicals/materials. Inspect equipment to be sure it is working properly. Be on the lookout for unusual noises and jerky movements. Report any problems immediately and do not operate the machinery until repairs have been made. Use harnesses and other safety equipment when performing roof work or working on scaffolds. Provide personal protective equipment to all employees, including hard hats, safety goggles and boots, work gloves, ear plugs (or another form of protection) and face masks. Prepare for emergencies. Operators and site workers should know what to do in case of electrical, mechanical, power failures, or injuries. Protect the public by barricading the construction site during work hours. After working hours, lock all points of entry. Building Codes A building code is a collection of laws, regulations, ordinances, or other statutory requirements adopted by a government legislative authority that is involved in assuring the adequacy of the physical structures and healthy conditions of buildings. Codes exist to ensure that buildings are safe and easily accessible. Building codes establish predictable, consistent minimum standards that are applied to the quality and durability of construction materials. According to the International Codes Council, minimum requirements† means that the construction meets the criteria of being both practical and adequate for protecting life, safety, and welfare of the public. Building codes are adopted by a state or local governments legislative body, then enacted to regulate building construction within a particular jurisdiction (city, county, or entire state). The primary purpose of a building code is to regulate new or proposed construction. Building codes only apply to an existing building if the building undergoes reconstruction, rehabilitation, or alteration, or if the occupancy of the existing building changes to a new occupancy level as defined by the building code. Some of the building codes that must be met on a worksite are: The foundation must be deep and the soil must be compacted in order to construct a building. The material used should meet bureau of standards specifications in order to be used on a building site. In order to construct the building, a certified and licensed contractor should evaluate the worksite. When the building is finished being constructed it must be inspected by a building inspector to make sure it meets building standards. Impact of Technology Technology as we know it is advancing every day and are used in almost everything we do. The impact of technology on the building site helps to make the work easier to do as well as to make it more efficient and takes less time in doing it. On the other hand, when doing the work manually, it can be time consuming and efficiency will not be as high when compared to a machine. The workers should then be able or trained to use the necessary machines or equipment required for the specific job. Computer aided designs were used in order to automate the design process making changes easier and as a result reducing the design time. 3 dimensional job rendering were designed to fully explain the proposed computer design. Computer aided estimation gives them accurate information on bid pricing and provide detail estimates, which concealed with the contract and shows plans to give a completed cost analysis of the project. On the other hand traditional carpentry Businesses were not able to design carpentry programs on the designing market. Computer has now lightened the work of the secretary. Computers are used to store important information, to create geometric models, objects, structures as well as assemblies. The company purchased relatively cheap software which is capable of multidimensional communication include sound, prints, graphics, animation, which resulted in the company’s development and growth. The machines that were used on the building site were a mechanical cement mixer, an electric saw, tile cutters, bulldozers (for land clearing), drill, chainsaws etc. Therefore less manual labour would be required to get the job done. As a result some employees would be fired since there is no need for them because it only takes one or two persons to operate the machine. The impact of technology provides jobs for skilled persons and takes away from unskilled workers. Environmental Factors To minimise environmental impact it is important to understand the link between various construction activities and the potential for these activities to impact on the environment. The environment is defined as living things, their physical, biological and social surroundings and the interactions between all of these. Environmental management measures will depend on the nature of the site activities and the sensitivity of the project area and surrounding land. For example, excavations resulting in steep slopes are likely to lead to soil erosion and water quality problems downstream and will require the installation of erosion protection measures. IMPORTANT STEPS TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 1. Walk the construction route to identify the limit of vegetation clearance, significant vegetation, ‘no go’ areas, locations for stockpiles, plant compounds and access roads. 2. Clearly identify the extent of the construction area and those areas to remain undisturbed. 3. Ensure machinery and equipment are clean before bringing to site. 4. Keep work and vehicles within the construction area. 5. Keep machinery and stockpiles on cleared areas. 6. Use the appropriate machinery for the task. 7. Plan vegetation removal (do not clear vegetation unnecessarily). 8. Topsoil should be stripped and stockpiled for use as soon as practicable. 9. Protect and maintain site erosion control measures, such as: replacing temporary cut-off drains at the end of the day’s work minimise exposed soil and slopes avoid damage to erosion control measures replace damaged erosion control measures, including silt fences, temporary bunds and straw bales Ensure the works drain to the erosion/sedimentation control structures. 10. Ensure waste is controlled and disposed of correctly. 11. Clean equipment before moving to another site. 12. If unsure about any environmental controls contact the site supervisor. Major Findings The researcher has observed that during the inspection of various construction sites, several rules are being broken. Some of the rules being broken on the construction site are as follows: No protective clothing, gear or helmet were worn by most of the workers on the construction site. Steel rods, nails and other sharp materials were left exposed on the worksite which would result in severe injuries to workers. Exposed electrical wires were seen on the walls, ceiling as well as on floors. At some construction sites, scrap material such as pieces of wood chippings, pipes, wires, empty cement bags etc. were scattered all around the worksite making it look unkempt and untidy. Recommendations The researcher recommends that the foreman or contractor should enforce rules and regulations on the construction site to their workers inclusive of: Workers should be trained on how to use power tools. Insulate all exposed electrical wire on the walls, floors and ceiling. Ensure that all of the workers clean up their various working area when finished working on the building site. Workers should wear their safety gears at all times. Exposed materials should be taken care of. That is, cover up all the steel rod and bend all the nails on the floor so that workers don’t injure themselves. Conclusion In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally, the job is managed by a project manager, and supervised by a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project architect. A building site can be a dangerous environment. Powerful machinery, hazardous materials, scaffolding and trenches create risks for the building workers and other people in the construction area. For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction site safety, availability of building materials, logistics, and inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays etc. Bibliography